The Future Of Aviation Insurance Essays - Types Of Insurance

The Future Of Aviation Insurance Insurance and the Future of Aviation AVM 401 Analysis of Issues in the Aviation Industry Southern Illinois University, Carbondale September 26, 2000 Assignment #2 Introduction This report will discuss the future of the aviation industry and the effects of high insurance cost. As the industry enters into the millennium, the insurance industry must look at several problems that also face the aviation industry. Survival for the small FBO's is getting harder each day; the threat of financial devastation is real when it comes to lawsuits. General aviation may be forced to change its way of doing business and become more like the military and commercial airlines. One can only hope that society will change their attitude towards the aviation industry and the litigation that surrounds the industry. We all hope for a positive future for the community. Insurance and the Future of Aviation The aviation industry, as it is known today, has grown into a set of definable industries. Modern aircraft range from military to commercial airlines to the most diverse group, general aviation. Aviation has come a long way the last 100 years. The industry is still developing, with growth comes problems that must be solved before the industry can go to the next level. As the industry enters into the millennium, the insurance industry must look at several problems that face the aviation industry. Legal concerns, in many cases, they're influenced by our society. The court system plays a big part by their decisions that are passed down. It's rare when an aviation case goes to court, because insurance agencies know they'll lose when the jury hears the case. It's just too easy to prove pilot negligence; most aviation accidents result from pilot error. Also, when they do go to court, they very seldom mount a defense due to the unreasonable verdicts, and ridiculous awards. These practices has forced aircraft owners to stay away from new policies and let their insurance coverage lapse. Aircraft owners pay three to five times the amount for adequate liability coverage than their counter parts else where in the world. Survival for the small business operators is getting harder each day due to the General Aviation Revitalization Act (GARA); the threat of financial devastation is real when it comes to lawsuits. The (GARA) defects lawsuits from manufacturers to aviation service providers. FBOs' insurance rate are skyrocketing because of this, which contributes to the cycle by causing higher repair cost. Many small business operators really don't want to take the chance and can't afford the rising cost that's associated with liability insurance. ?As of February 2000 at least three aviation insurance under writers ceased writing coverage for the small business operators, saying it's a major risk? (Chappell, T. 2000, p.2). One of the main reasons is the cost to the underwriters. Aviation insurance companies have paid out a dollar and quarter for ever dollar they've taking in, for each of the last several years. No wonder so many are closing down, merging, or getting out of the historically riskier aviation activities (Chappell, T. 2000, P.2). General aviation may be forced to change its way of doing business and become more like the military and commercial airlines. Maintenance problems may be identified by computers, and then repaired by the manufacturers. The industry is coping with the mounting cost associated with liability insurance. ?Remove and replace maintenance? is the attitude the industry must lean towards. The manufacturers would set up new factory service centers and repair facilities for the general aviation customers. This system wouldn't help the rising cost of insurance, but maintenance and ground liabilities would rest on the shoulders of the manufacture. The market itself is shrinking, we've had a generation of pilots from WWII, Korea, and Vietnam that was introduced to aviation and trained at the government's expense. Because of modern technology, we'll never again have the numbers that we once had. The aging fleet and pilots can't help the situation that the industry is facing; the average aircraft age is 15 to 20 years, and the post Vietnam pilot is now 50 to 60 years of age. The underwriters are very worried about the age of both the pilots and the aircraft. During a telephone interview with Darrel Hyde

Joan of Arc - The Maid of Orleans

Joan of Arc - The Maid of Orleans Joan of Arc, or Jeanne d’Arc, was a teenage French peasant who, claiming she heard divine voices, managed to persuade a desperate heir to the French throne to build a force around her. This defeated the English at the siege of Orlà ©ans. After seeing the heir crowned she was captured, tried and executed for heresy. A French icon, she was also known as La Pucelle, which has been translated into English as the Maid, but at the time had connotations to virginity. It is, however, entirely possible Joan was a mentally ill person used as a puppet for a short term success and then cast aside for the longer impact. Context: The Hundred Years War Edward III Hundred Years War Charles The Visions of a Peasant Girl Charles was at first unsure of whether to admit her but, after a couple of days, he did. Dressed as a man she explained to Charles that God had sent her to both fight the English and see him crowned king at Rheims. This was the traditional location for the crowning of the French kings, but it was in English controlled territory and Charles remained uncrowned. Joan was only the latest in a line of female mystics claiming to bring messages from God, one of which had targeted Charles’ father, but Joan made a bigger impact. After an examination by theologians at Poitiers allied to Charles, who decided she was both sane and not a heretic – a very real danger for anyone claiming to receive messages from god – Charles decided she could try. After sending a letter demanding that the English hand over their conquests, Joan donned armour and set out for Orleans with the Duke of Alenà §on and an army. The Maid of Orlans This boosted the morale of Charles and his allies greatly. The army thus carried on, recapturing land and strongpoint from the English, even defeating an English force which had challenged them at Patay – albeit one smaller than the French – after Joan had again used her mystical visions to promise victory. The English reputation for martial invincibility was broken. Rheims and the King of France Capture Trial This wasn’t just a theological trial, although the church certainly wanted to reinforce their orthodoxy by proving that Joan wasn’t receiving messages from the God they themselves claimed the sole right to interpret, and her interrogators probably did genuinely believe she was a heretic. Politically, she had to be found guilty. The English said Henry VI’s claim on the French throne was approved by God, and Joan’s messages had to be false to keep the English justification. It was also hoped a guilty verdict would undermine Charles, who was already rumoured to be consorting with sorcerers, even though England held back from making explicit links in their propaganda. Joan was found guilty and an appeal to the Pope refused. At first Joan signed a document of abjuration, accepting her guilt and coming back into the church, after which she was sentenced to life imprisonment. However, a few days later she changed her mind, saying that her voices had accused her of treason, and she was now found guilty of being a relapsed heretic. The church handed her over to secular English forces in Rouen, as was the custom, and she was executed by being burnt on May 30th. She was probably 19. Aftermath One thing is clear: her reputation has grown enormously since her death, becoming an embodiment of French consciousness, a figure to turn to in times of need. She is now seen as a vital, bright moment of hope in France’s history, whether her true achievements are overstated – as they often are -or not. France celebrates her with a national holiday on the second Sunday in May every year. However, historian Rà ©gine Pernoud added: â€Å"Prototype of the glorious military heroine, Joan is also prototype of the political prisoner, of the hostage, and of the victim of oppression.† (Pernoud, trans. Adams, Joan of Arc, Phoenix Press 1998, p. XIII) Aftermath of the War List of French monarchs.

Minimalism movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Minimalism movement - Essay Example Christian Zeal and Activity is another musical piece composed by the American composer John Adams in 1973. This piece has also received critical acclaim for advancing the movement of minimalism in music. It is one of the earliest and simplest minimalist compositions of Adams. The original 1973 composition is based on an unencumbered instrumental arrangement of a Christian hymn and an on-air conversation between a host and a listener. This piece is recognized for its fragmented nature, a steady pulse, repetitive rhythmic phrases, and harmonic stability. Christian Zeal is a very good example of Adams’ exploration into the application of minimalistic technique. Here, he combines a hymn based on rich and harmonized chords with a â€Å"tape of repeated phrases of a sermon on the power of faith healing† . Instead of deconstructing the verbiage like other minimalist composers like Reich, Adams relies on repetition of musical phrases. Finding himself trapped between modernism a nd tradition, he found relief in minimalism of which Christian Zeal is a very interesting example. Impressed by the minimalist avant-garde, he recognizes minimalism in this musical piece by using simple elements to create â€Å"a steady background pulse, repetitive motifs and stable harmonic areas† . In Adams’ own words, the harmonies in Christian Zeal are meant to create a hypnotic effect to make the listeners â€Å"float in a kind of dream polyphony. This piece takes a turn from conventional minimalist approach used by other famous composers like Reich.