Cultural Appropriation The Loss Of American History

Cultural Appropriation: The Loss of American History In the recent time, there is an abundant amount of debate, in America, about the supposed glorification of controversial items. Among the list of items in controversy are the naming conventions of buildings and certain military outposts, the confederate flags, and some monuments of Civil War figures on the Confederate States side. Americans all over the country, stemming from various backgrounds, are calling for the cultural appropriation of America and the removal of these aforementioned items. I, for one, feel that these Americans should stop being so sensitive. Our nation has entered a period where it is becoming increasingly more acceptable to allow censorship for the sake of people’s feelings. This new idea that nothing should be said to cause offense, or distress, to another person is becoming as widespread as to even enter the classrooms of some universities, which now limit what can be discussed (Lukianoff and Haidt, 1). These hypersensitive Americans are beginning to flood into our nation with the belief that we should all care about how people feel about a certain topic. However, the fortunate truth is that we do not and will never care about anyone else’s sensitivity to a topic so much that we limit how express ourselves. The American constitution purposely gives Americans the freedom of speech and expression so that we may cause offense to other people, for the sake of having everyone’s opinions voiced.Show MoreRelatedCultural Appropriation : Disrespects Of A Minority Culture776 Words   |  4 PagesCultural A ppropriation Cultural appropriation is shown in many ways among the public. When a member of the majority takes an element of a minority culture and attempts to make it their own, they are appropriating the minority’s culture. Appropriating a culture is disrespectful and can lead to loss of valuable meaning of cultural practices. This is shown in many ways, such as the use of blackface or wearing a significant piece of Native American history as a fashion accessory. Each of these elementsRead MoreThe French And English Europeans2488 Words   |  10 Pagesgovernment that consisted of men dictating political matters and women controlling the economic results. The European ideology differed immensely; they saw the land as property to own and women as bearers of children and housekeepers. The differing cultural values of both became more pronounced when further involvement and association with one another took place, with the Europeans ultimately considering the First Nations tribes as savag e and unorthodox, quelling and assimilating First Nations cultureRead MoreThe Establishment Of Residential Schools1667 Words   |  7 Pagesbehind the establishment of residential schools has been viewed as one of the most direct ways of influencing the native communities to not only abandon their cultural beliefs but also embrace foreign ideology. Research has shown the spread of residential schools within the native communities has not only negatively impacted the communities’ cultural standing but has also lowered the threshold for human rights as more children are subjected to inhuman treatment by the system. There is a strong belief thatRead MoreThe Establishment Of Residential Schools1667 Words   |  7 Pagesbehind the establishment of residential schools has been viewed as one of the most direct ways of influencing the native communities to not only abandon their cultural beliefs but also embrace foreign ideology. Research has shown the spread of residential schools within the native communities has not only negatively impacted the communities’ cultural standing but has also lowered the threshold for human rights as more children are subjected to inhuman treatment by the system. There is a strong belief thatRead MoreThe Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Redskins, Cleveland1379 Words   |  6 PagesChiefs, and Atlanta Braves are all professional sport teams in America that use Native American culture to represent them through the means of tribe names, logos, and mascots. These teams have received a lot of media attention around the debate on if the representation of Native Americans is offensive or not. Controversy surrounding Native American mascots first came into the public eye during the 1960s Native American Civil Rights movement, where the use of these mascots was criticized for being insultingRead MoreFunding Of The Bureau Of Investigations Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesallocation of the federal government of the USA. As federal a gency under the department of justice, the FBI receives funds from the central government in form of annual allocations on the strength of budget estimates presented before the House Appropriation Committee as under the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies. (King Ray., 2000) Each year, the budget of the FBI is presented to this committee by the Director of the Agency stating clearly the estimates of the tasksRead MoreCapitalism And Colonialism’S Links As Pillars Of White1582 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism and colonialism’s links as pillars of white supremacy contribute to the racial exclusion and exploitation of certain racial groups, such as Native Americans and Black people. This can be seen through the timeline of North American history, but also farther back in the history of European settler colonialism throughout Europe and into other nearby continents. The methods of decolonization employed by various racial groups affected by colo nialism interact with one another in various waysRead MoreThe Indian Diaspora By Vijay Mishra1120 Words   |  5 Pagesdiaspora) not in terms of binaries between â€Å"‘old’† (3) and â€Å"‘new’† (3) diaspora, but to show that â€Å"diasporic imaginary†(9) is always conditioned by â€Å"impossible mourning that transforms mourning into melancholia† (9). There is always all-pervading sense of loss and emptiness within the diasporic space regardless of whether the subject being a girmit, indentured plantation laborers (in Fiji, South Africa, Trinidad) of the colonial past; or the subject of a decolonized world of globalization and hypermobilityRead MoreThe Collection Of Artefacts And Material Culture And Design1877 Words   |  8 Pagesinstitutions of control, ordering and organising knowledge about people and put them inside a particular framework in order for them to be understood. Images and tools and practices have become imp ortant resources for Aboriginal people to learn about family history, archives that hold links between artists and their connections to family and form. Christian Thompson, a sound artist and photographer, is exemplary of this. In 2011, the Australian Research Council funded a project to research and return historicalRead MoreDiversity in American Colonies3399 Words   |  14 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diversity in the American Colonies: The Formation of English, Native American, African and German Identities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Colonial North America was a multifaceted melting pot of diversities. The amalgamation of different ethnicities, races, cultures and religious organizations created a circumstance in which the identities of the English, Native Americans, Africans and Germans were far from static. The interactions between these four groups helped to build the history of North America, and as such

What is American Exceptionalism - 1316 Words

While some find us arrogant, condescending and imperialistic, those who have come to join us in America find that there is some truth in the notion that our country is unique. Nowhere else is the freedom to express and improve yourself so widespread, and no other country welcomes those seeking that freedom so openly. Assimilation to our culture is not forced, but it is the rare individual who does not welcome it once they are here. Many people consider themselves to be the best humans on the planet, or maybe the only ones chosen by their god to succeed, but nobody can claim to be as powerful and prosperous as Americans are. To us the idea of American Exceptionalism is not propaganda or a myth; it is the understanding that the only way to the make the most of oneself is to have the freedom to do so. Some of the first colonists to land on the shores of the â€Å"new world† believed that they had a mandate from God to create a new society here, and that it should be a new, superi or kind of society that would be an example to the rest of the world. John Winthrop told his flock aboard the Arbella that their society would be grounded in the principles of the Bible, and that by concentrating themselves in one area together they would be able to have a more pure Christian society. They would be able to repel the influences of the inferior and corrupt exterior world, and although they would practice the precept to â€Å"love his neighbor as himself,† they would prefer to have a ChristianShow MoreRelatedAmerican Exceptionalism And The United States Of America Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world, many people consider our country, The United States of America, to be outstanding and a great country. Others do not think the same. This concept is known as American exceptionalism. This concept has been debated for many years, and to this day it still is. Although American exceptionalism can be hard to define, there are many ways to define it. Some say that we are exceptional because we are superior to everybody else and are better. Others say that God has given us the power toRead MoreJohn Winthrop, Juan Jose Arevalo, And George W. Bushs Idea Of American Exceptionalism1008 Words   |  5 Pages American Exceptionalism Throughout American history, idealists and materialists have changed the theme of exceptionalism. In our readings, we see the idea of american exceptionalism come to life from the writings of John Winthrop, Juan Jose Arevalo, and George W. Bush. Exceptionalism is when one depicts something, especially a nation, as unique and different from others. Winthrop expresses exceptionalism to his Puritan followers as the belief that they are special and above all others, while ArevaloRead MoreThe Impact Of Exceptionalism On The United States944 Words   |  4 PagesExceptionalism is neither new, as explained above, nor exclusive to the United States. Several historical actors, such as Great Britain, France and the former Soviet Union claimed exceptionalist ideas (Ignatieff, 2005; Holsti, 2010). The current U.S. President Obama also stresses a similar point by stating that â€Å"I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the G reeks believe in Greek exceptionalism† (Obama, cited in Ceaser, 2012, p.4)Read MoreThe Roots Of American Exceptionalism1055 Words   |  5 Pagesis important to examine the roots of American exceptionalism. French philosopher and social scientist, Alexis de Tocqueville was recognized to be the first writer to promote the theory of exceptionalism via his document Democracy in America. However, his use of exceptionalism does not match the true concept. Tocqueville reveals that â€Å"Americans have no aptitude or taste for science, literature, or art, but argues that this is due to the particular American experience, and is no natural concomitantRead MoreThe Relativity Of Exceptionalism : Donald Trump1118 Words   |  5 PagesRelativity of Exceptionalism Donald Trump: multibillionaire business man. Donald Trump has constantly maintained an awful reputation for being impudent and insulting. Trump displays his hatred for muslims and Mexicans to gain followers in his campaign for presidency. As awful as it may sound, American citizens are drawn to Trumps campaign because he believes that no one else belongs in America, besides Americans. Trump’s ethic to making â€Å"America great again† is by excluding every non-American from AmericaRead MoreEssay about American Exceptionalism and Cross-Cultural Communications1638 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of American exceptionalism and cross-cultural communications has the ability to improve U.S. military effectiveness in USPACOM. Understanding these two cultural principles will improve effectiveness in three ways. First, it allows USPACOM personnel to understand their biases. Second, it gives USPACOM personnel a perspective on how nations in their area of responsibility may po tentially view their actions. Finally, cross-cultural communications provides tools for USPACOM personnel toRead MoreThe Evolution of American Exceptionalism Essay726 Words   |  3 Pagesof American exceptionalism has evolved, but the era of American exceptionalism as a providential mission is drawing to a close. The meaning of American exceptionalism has evolved from the two definitions of â€Å"unique† and â€Å"special† to include an appointed mission and has been used to justify action and consolidate people around ideas. The U.S. went from identifying itself as an exemplar nation for the world to emulate, to creating an interventionist mission of exceptionalism. Today â€Å"American exceptionalism†Read More Perception of American Exceptionalism Essay example1501 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans through the years of existence have adapted well to the radical changes throughout the world. Technology, independence and social equality are some of the diverse concepts the United States have adapted to and developed in order to become a more unified country. Our nation believes that it is exceptional when it comes to other countries worldwide. As can be shown through the popular reference to America as the ‘shining city on a hill’. The term â€Å"American e xceptionalism† is derived fromRead MoreAmerican Exceptionalism By George Washington1320 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Exceptionalism is the term that imperialists in the United States regularly use to claim that their country is unusual or amazing. American exceptionalism defend to the exceptional character of the United States as an inimitably free country centered on democratic principles and personal liberty. American Exceptionalism is an issue that has been existed from early years and George Washington is one of the key pieces in this issue. The U.S history maintenance the idea of American ExceptionalismRead MoreThe United States Of America852 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of America is known for being a major power in the world stage. A nation that provides opportunity for those that are willing to work hard for what they want. Since the discovery of this land, the United States has served as a gateway for immigrants to gain riches and have a unique lifestyle, envy by many countries worldwide. The American lifestyle is modeled after the phrase life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, found in the Declaration of Independence. A citizen of this country

Table Tennis Free Essays

string(35) " when dropped from a height of 30\." Table Tennis Table tennis, also known as  ping-pong, is a  sport  in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using  table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. We will write a custom essay sample on Table Tennis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart several varieties of  spinto the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent’s options to great advantage. Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization  International Table Tennis Federation  (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 217 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Since 1988, table tennis has been an  Olympic sport  with several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men’s singles, women’s singles, men’s doubles and women’s doubles. Since 2008 a team event has been played instead of the doubles. In 2007, the governance for  table tennis for persons with a disability  was transferred from the  International Paralympic Committee  to the ITTF. History The game originated as a sport in England during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game. It has been suggested that the game was first developed by British military officers in India or South Africa who brought it back with them. A row of books were stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Alternatively table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of â€Å"wiff-waff† and â€Å"ping-pong†. A number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley’s of Regent Street under the name â€Å"Gossima†. The name â€Å"ping-pong† was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name â€Å"ping-pong† then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaques’s equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the â€Å"ping-pong† name to Parker Brothers. The next major innovation was by James W Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E. C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that table tennis tournaments were being organized, books on table tennis were being written,[8] and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902. During the early 1900s, the game was banned in Russia because the rulers at the time believed that playing the game had an adverse effect on players’ eyesight. In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926. [5][10] London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed. In the 1950s, rackets that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer S. W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to â€Å"slow the game down†. Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988. After the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the International Table Tennis Federation instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm balls were officially replaced by 40 mm balls in 2000. This increased the ball’s air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets, which made the game excessively fast and difficult to watch on television. Second, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system in 2001. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server’s advantage. Variants of the sport have recently emerged. â€Å"Large-ball† table tennis uses a 44 mm ball, which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40 mm game. There is a move towards reviving the table tennis game that existed prior to the introduction of sponge rubber. â€Å"Hardbat† table tennis players reject the speed and spin of reversed sponge rubber, preferring the 1940–60s play style with no sponge and short-pimpled rubber. Defense is less difficult by decreasing the speed and eliminating any meaningful magnus effect of spin. Because hardbat killer shots are almost impossible to hit against a skilled player, hardbat matches focus on the strategic side of table tennis, requiring skillful maneuvering of the opponent before an attack can become successful. Equipment’s Ball The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2. 7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball. [16] The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm when dropped from a height of 30. You read "Table Tennis" in category "Essay examples" 5 cm on to a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0. 89 to 0. 92. The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games. However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes. A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm (1. 5 inch) one. The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings. For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table. Stars on the ball indicate the quality of the ball. Three stars indicate that it is of the highest quality, and is used in official competition. Table The table is 2. 74 m (9 ft) long, 1. 52 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15. 25 cm (6 inch) high net. An ITTF approved table surface must be in a green or blue color. Concrete tables with a steel net are sometimes available in public parks. Racket Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. The official ITTF term is â€Å"racket†, though â€Å"bat† is common in Britain, and â€Å"paddle† in the U. S. The wooden portion of the racket, often referred to as the â€Å"blade†, commonly features anywhere between one and seven plies of wood, though cork, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, and Kevlar are sometimes used. According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood. Common wood types include Balsa, Limba, and Cypress or â€Å"Hinoki,† which is popular in Japan. The average size of the blade is about 6. 5 inches (16. 5 cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Although the official restrictions only focus on the flatness and rigidness of the blade itself, these dimensions are optimal for most play styles. Table tennis regulations allow different surfaces on each side of the racket. Various types of surfaces provide various levels of spin or speed, and in some cases they nullify spin. For example, a player may have a rubber that provides much spin on one side of his racket, and one that provides no spin on the other. By flipping the racket in play, different types of returns are possible. To help a player distinguish between the rubber used by his opposing player, international rules specify that one side must be red while the other side must be black. The player has the right to inspect his opponent’s racket before a match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is. Despite high speed play and rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side of the racket was used to hit the ball. Current rules state that, unless damaged in play, the racket cannot be exchanged for another racket at any time during a match. Rules Starting a game According to ITTF rule 2. 13. 1, the first service is decided by lot, normally a coin toss. It is also common for one player (or the umpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one or the other hand (usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess which hand the ball is in. The correct or incorrect guess gives the â€Å"winner† the option to choose to serve, receive, or to choose which side of the table to use. (A common but non-sanctioned method is for the players to play the ball back and forth four times and then play out the point. This is commonly referred to as â€Å"play to serve† or â€Å"rally to serve†. ) Service and return In game play, the player serving the ball commences a play. The server first stands with the ball held on the open palm of the hand not carrying the racket, called the freehand, and tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least 16 centimeters (approximately 6 inches) high. The server strikes the ball with the racket on the ball’s descent so that it touches first his court and then touches directly the receiver’s court without touching the net assembly. In casual games, many players do not toss the ball upward; however, this is technically illegal and can give the serving player an unfair advantage. The ball must remain behind the endline and above the upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, at all times during the service. The server cannot use his body or clothing to obstruct sight of the ball; the opponent and the umpire must have a clear view of the ball at all times. If the umpire is doubtful of the legality of a service they may first interrupt play and give a warning to the server. If the serve is a clear failure or is doubted again by the umpire after the warning, receiver scores a point. If the service is â€Å"good†, then the receiver must make a â€Å"good† return by hitting the ball back before it bounces a second time on receiver’s side of the table so that the ball passes the net and touches the opponent’s court, either directly or after touching the net assembly. Thereafter, the server and receiver must alternately make a return until the rally is over. Returning the serve is one of the most difficult parts of the game, as the server’s first move is often the least predictable and thus most advantageous shot due to the numerous spin and speed choices at his or her disposal. Let A let is a rally of which the result is not scored, and is called in the following circumstances: The ball touches the net in service, provided the service is otherwise correct or the ball is obstructed by the player on the receiving side. Obstruction means a player touches the ball when it is above or traveling towards the playing surface, not having touched the player’s court since last being struck by the player. When the player on the receiving side is not ready and the service is delivered. Player’s failure to make a service or a return or to comply with the Laws is due to a disturbance outside the control of the player. Play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire. When time is an issue, some competitions only count a let if a player has over 10 points. If they have less, it counts as a fair shot. This can significantly increase the pace of game. Scoring A point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: Opponent fails to make a correct service or return. After making a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net assembly before being struck by the opponent. The ball passes over the player’s court or beyond his end line without touching his court, after being struck by the opponent. The opponent obstructs the ball. The opponent strikes the ball twice successively. Note that the hand that is holding the racket counts as part of the racket and that making a good return off one’s hand or fingers is allowed. It is not a fault if the ball accidentally hits one’s hand or fingers and then subsequently hits the racket. The opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface is not covered with rubber. The opponent moves the playing surface or touches the net assembly. The opponent’s free hand touches the playing surface. As a receiver under the expedite system, completing 13 returns in a rally. The opponent has been warned by umpire commits a second offense in the same individual match or team match. If the third offence happens, 2 points will be given to the player. If the individual match or the team match has not ended, any unused penalty points can be transferred to the next game of that match. A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Alternation of services and ends Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score 10 points or the expedite system is operated, when the sequences of serving and receiving stay the same but each player serves for only 1 point in turn. Player serving first in a game shall receive first in the next game of the match. After each game, players switch sides of the table. In the last possible game of a match, for example the seventh game in a best of seven matches, players change ends when the first player scores 5 points, regardless of whose turn it is to serve. If the sequence of serving and receiving is out of turn or the ends is not changed, points scored in the wrong situation are still calculated and the game shall be resumed with the order at the score that has been reached. Doubles game Service zone in doubles game In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis. In doubles, all the rules of single play are applied except for the following. A line painted along the long axis of the table to create doubles courts bisects the table. This line’s only purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate from the right hand â€Å"box† in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once in said right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponent side’s right hand box (far left box for server), or the receiving pair score a point. Players must alternate hitting the ball. For example, if A is paired with B, X is paired with Y, A is the server and X is the receiver. The order of play shall be A X B Y. The rally proceeds this way until one side fails to make a legal return and the other side scores. At each change of service, the previous receiver shall become the server and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver. For example, if the previous order of play is A X B Y, the order becomes X B Y A after the change of service. In each game of a doubles match, the pair having the right to serve first shall choose which of them will do so. The receiving pair, however, can only choose in the first game of the match. When the first server is chosen in the second or the latter games of the match, the first receiver of the game is the player who served to the first server of the game in the preceding game. For example, if the order of play is A X B Y at beginning of the first game, the order begins with X A Y B or Y B X A in the second game depending on either X or Y being chosen as the first server of the game. When a pair reaches 5 points in the final game, the pairs must switch ends of the table and the team that receives the service must switch receiver. For example, when the last order of play before a pair score 5 points in the final game is A X B Y, the order after change shall be A Y B X if A still has the second serve. Otherwise, X is the next server and the order becomes X A Y B. Singles and doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympic Games since 1988 and the Commonwealth Games since 2002. In 2005, the ITTF announced that doubles table tennis only was featured as a part of team events in the 2008 Olympics. Expedite system If a game is unfinished after 10 minutes’ play and fewer than 18 points have been scored, the expedite system is initiated. The umpire interrupts the game, and the game resumes with players serving for 1 point in turn. If the expedite system is introduced while the ball is not in play, the previous receiver shall serve first. Under the expedite system, the server must win the point before the opponent makes 13 consecutive returns or the point goes to the opponent. The system can also be initiated at any time at the request of both players /or pairs. Once introduced, the expedite system remains in force until the end of the match. A rule to shorten the time of a match, it is mainly seen in defensive players’ games. How to cite Table Tennis, Essay examples

Drug Discovery Development

Question: Discuss about theDrug Discovery Development. Answer: Introduction The discovery of penicillin in 1940s led to the revolutionalization of the medical field because it was the first antibiotic which led to the cure and control of many infections. This antibiotic was accidentally discovered by Doctor Alexander Fleming, a British microbiologist after the return from vacation only to find a messed up bench in the laboratory (Ligon, 2004). Upon examination in the microscope it was found that the staphylococcus bacteria could be inhibited by the mold which was later found to have Penicillin notatum. Since Fleming had no chemical background and there were no enough resources, no much work was done. At that time, the hospitals were full of people with untreatable bacterial infections like gonorrhea while others had blood infections from scratches and bruises (Chain, 1979). Commercial Production of Penicillin During the wars, most people died not because of injuries, but because of bacterial infections in the battle field. When the Second World War started, penicillin was manufactured in the United States in large amounts and it was used for the treatments during the war, and for sure it bore fruits (Quinn, 2013). Again during the wall in Iraq, many units of penicillin used to be supplied to the fighting soldiers and this helped them a lot. Much research work was carried out in more advanced laboratories in an effort to produce large amounts of penicillin. Researchers found that if the growth medium containing lactose was substituted with lactose, more amounts were produced. A ten-fold increase in the amount of penicillin was produced if corn was added to the fermentation medium. Moreover even larger amounts were produced when the fermentation was carried out in a submerged medium. This involved the use of large tanks which are aerated and continuously agitated as opposed to the use of the surface of the growth medium. The pharmaceutical companies then teamed up with the scientists so as to increase the production of penicillin to large scale from the use of pilot plants. The problems of engineering technology also posed great threats to the pharmaceutical companies but the teams especially due to continuous aeration as well as agitation. To this end, successful research and large scale production of penicillin have been the efforts of scientists, chemical engineers, chemists, pharmaceutical companies, the government and microbiologists. The Overall Effect of Penicillin to the Medical Field Before penicillin discovery, there were some fatal bacterial infections which used to claim the lives of many people. During the war, the soldiers who were seriously injured used to undergo amputations. However, with penicillin development, the cases of amputations during wars reduced by enormous rates (Gust, 2014). Moreover, the insight into penicillin for widespread treatment of diseases made several other pharmaceutical companies to begin screening other products for the ability to kill bacteria. This has led to discovery of several other types of pharmaceutical products which reduce the risk of death from other serious microbes (Rizzello and Pompa, 2014). It is important to note that unlike other drugs which require randomized trials before being used on people, the use of penicillin in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis and pneumococcal pneumonia had no randomized trials because the effects of penicillin was far much better than other treatment agents. What if Fleming did not Discover Penicillin? There are some people up to this day who blame Doctor Fleming for being passive in the eventual development of penicillin. This is why other scientists who came after Fleming were able to carry out detailed research leading to eventual use of the drug in the medical field. It is also thought that if Fleming did not discover penicillin, possibly other people would have discovered it, though after quite some time. This is because the application of sulfonamides drugs which was discovered by other people was found to help other soldiers who had no access to penicillin and it helped them very well, though not as compared to those who had access to penicillin (Lewis, 2012). During the early days, commercialization of the drug was a challenge due to low level of knowledge and technology and hence only few units were produced. Currently, the penicillin and its derivatives are available to every corner of the world for use. This indicates that the future of antibiotics is very bright since other drugs and modifications of penicillin have occurred. Conclusion With the great contributions of antibiotics, the human life has been improved because even fatal bacterial diseases can be treated. The patients should be advised to maintain their dose so that they can avoid the problem of drug resistance owing to the long period taken to produce novel antibiotics. Reference List Chain, E. (1979). The early years of the penicillin discovery. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 1(1), pp. 6-11. Gust, I., 2014. Penicillin: World War II infections and Howard Florey. Microbiology Australia, 35(3), pp.177-178. Lewis, K., 2012. Antibiotics: Recover the lost art of drug discovery. Nature, 485(7399), pp.439-440. Ligon, B.L., 2004. Penicillin: its discovery and early development. In Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases, 15 (1), pp. 52-57. Quinn, R. (2013). Rethinking antibiotic research and development: World War II and the penicillin collaborative. American journal of public health, 103(3), pp. 426-434. Rizzello, L. and Pompa, P.P., 2014. 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